Liberty University Sample Book Review Chhi 520 Essay

How Africa Shaped the Christian Mind: Rediscovering the African Seedbed of Western Christianity By Thomas C. Oden Downers Grove, Ill: Intervarsity Press, 2008, 204 pp, $ 19.00 hardcover. Thomas Oden, an accomplished scholar in systematic and historical theology, and retired professor at Drew University, has offered a compelling and positively provocative work in How Africa Shaped the Christian Mind. A work of scholarly repentance, he ably repudiates the posture of western theologians and historians (i.e. Harnack, Bauer, Schleiermacher) toward Africa’s theological legacy (pp. 57-59). His present work is the fruit of thirty years of reading the early African fathers, and in the last fourteen, he has served as the general editor of the†¦show more content†¦In chapter six, â€Å"The Opportunity for Retrieval,† Oden confronts the postEnlightenment worldview and hermeneutics of suspicion that has effectively diminished Africa’s theological heritage. Chapter se ven, â€Å"How the Blood of the Martyrs Became the Seed of European Christianity,† proposes Africa’s history of martyrdom and the exodus event as alternatives to a Christian view of history marked by power. In chapter eight, â€Å"Right Remembering,† Oden asserts that orthodoxy is not a prize awarded to theological victors, but rather the fruit of correctly remembering the apostles’ teachings. In chapter nine, â€Å"Seeking the Reconciliation of Christianity and Islam Through Historical Insight,† he makes a case for the risky but necessary endeavor of engaging African Muslims in dialogue over their Christian heritage. In the appendix, Oden moves from being a scholar to an activist, laying out a strategic plan to implement his vision for recovering Africa’s theological legacy, which includes the website www.earlyafricanchristianity.com, and the Journal of African Christianity. The book concludes with a helpful â€Å"Literary Chronology of Ch ristianity in the First Millenium,† including key personalities, writings, and movements in the period. Perhaps the most relevant set of works to How Africa Shaped the Christian Mind is Oden’s own Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture. Western theological hegemony has also been

Murder Essay - 1026 Words

Outside the town of Shelby Township, Indiana was a woman’s body lying in the woods of a wildlife refuge. The body was stumbled across by a wildlife refuge worker on September 6, 2010. It was covered in dirt and leaves when found on site. The victim was covered with 3rd degree burns leaving very little room to determine the ethnicity. The hands and feet were shown to be missing and the tibia, pelvis, skull, humerus, and ribs were retrieved. The hands and feet were never found but a knife was left with no blood or fingerprints left on the knife. This was believed to be a murder case considering the hands and feet were chopped off in an unnatural way. The victim was found to be wearing a floral dress and a red clutch with no identification†¦show more content†¦The measurements of the found Tibia and Humerus, perfectly matched the estimated traits. The ethnicity of this individual was determined, very thoroughly, through a series of observations and tests regarding the skull, and nasal cavity. The patient is concluded to be of African American ancestry based on the percentage of results that match up with certain African American ethnicity structural traits, such as, the shape of orbital openings and their nasal index. The nasal index of an the victim was calculated to be 0.85mm and the normal expectations of African American ethnicity (.53) point straight the conclusion that the victim is of African American heritage. The height of an individual is most often determined by the examination of the long bones, such as the femur and tibia. In order to determine the height of this victim, measurements of the Tibia and Humerus were collected, each were then calculated to form an approximated height. For a female of african american background, the tibia was 35 cm long and calculated a height around 5 feet. After measuring the length of the recovered humerus (29 cm), using a specific formula, the approximate height, for this skeleton, is about 4’8† to around 5’3†. Age, is not always the most accurate thing to determine in a forensic anthropology lab. Determining a persons age is dependent on many bones. At birth, all humans have about 405 bones,Show MoreRelatedlunchroom murder essay769 Words   |  4 PagesWHO COMMITED THE LUNCHROOM MURDER? I think that that Customer C killed Fannin. The first piece of evidence that proves Customer C killed Fannin is that that the cash register had been rung up to 8.75 this is the exact total of Customers B, C, and D. This had to have been done before the murder, because the heel to toe footsteps that belonged to Ernie show that he walked to the cash register after mopping (footstep trail Y.) This was done before the robbery, because the only two reasons that he would’veRead More Euthanasia is Murder Essay591 Words   |  3 Pagesrefuse to die but they are still killed. This Is murder! We are not god. We do not have the right choose who to kill, we cannot kill anyone we think would be better off dead. One person or a million people cannot make that decision. Only that person can make the decision. And if they do, make the decision that they do want to be killed, they are obviously not decisionally-competent, and that’s why, no matter what, euthanasia should be classified as murder. A physician has a clear moral obligation toRead MoreEssay on Abortion is Murder667 Words   |  3 Pagesto prove that it is human. This would show us that killing or aborting it would be ending life therefore murdering. In the Bible there are many verses that would bring me to just that conclusion. In Exodus 20:13 the Bible states â€Å"You shall not murder†. It is one of the ten most sacred commandments God gave his people. Christians who believe abortion is ok would say that life starts at the point of birth not the point of conception. In order to defeat this argument we have to prove that the BibleRead MoreEssay on Defences for Murder601 Words   |  3 PagesDefences for Murder There are only three partial defences for murder; suicide pact, provocation-the loss of self control and reaction must be instantaneous and diminished responsibility. Amongst the three mentioned two are most frequently used, these are provocation and diminished responsibility, and only one full defence, self defence. These defences are used to reduce the sentence charge by the defendant to manslaughter from murder. In the following text I willRead MoreAbortion is a Murder Essay721 Words   |  3 Pagesconsidered a murder. 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Take the Einsatzgruppen (Nazi Officers that were partly responsible for the death of millions) The Lithuanians showed them how to murder women and children,Read MoreEssay on Felony Murder Law1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe Felony Murder Law of Colorado states that a person is guilty of first degree murder if he or she participates in, or is fleeing from, some other crime and a death results, intended or not2. This statute is the reason a 21 year old Colorado resident, Lisl Auman, was sentenced to life in prison without parole at the Colorado Womens Correctional Facility3. This case has drawn national attention and while appealing her conviction, has gained support from actors Sean Penn, Be necio Del Torro andRead MoreCriticism’s and Reforms for Murder Essay547 Words   |  3 PagesCriticisms and Reforms for Murder The lack of a precise legal definition of death – creates uncertainty. Most countries have a legal definition of death which is ‘when the brain stem is dead and the victim’s brain cannot function spontaneously. Criminal Law Revision Committee rejected defining death in a statute in 1980. The year and a day rule - In order for a defendant to be liable for a homicide offence, the victim had to die within 366 days of the last Read More ABC Murders Essay902 Words   |  4 Pages Agatha Christie depicts a descriptive, fictional murder mystery in the novel ABC Murders. With the help of the narrator, Captain Arthur Hastings, Hercule Poirot solves the murders of four victims who are killed in alphabetical order by Franklin Clarke, more commonly known as ABC. The story elicits copious high points but the rare low point as well. Examples of these aspects can be found within the plot, setting, characters, conflict, and theme of the book. 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Literacy Numeracy Difficulties Free Essays

As stated by Robinson (Foreman, P. 2008), Difficulties with Literacy and Numeracy affect and influence all aspects of school achievement. It is the largest disability in the community. We will write a custom essay sample on Literacy Numeracy Difficulties or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literacy and Numeracy problems are not always visible. Intervention is needed earlier to ensure the learning gap is not enhanced. Children with learning difficulties need to be identified in the foundation years to enable early intervention. Learning difficulties in Literacy and Numeracy leads to a downward learning cycle; as a lack of achievement causes a lack of motivation and confidence, which causes a further lack of achievement (Hunter-Carsch 2001). Teachers need to recognise and respond by tailoring instruction to the student’s interests, put in the time to motivate students to read, by developing the student’s confidence and commitment. Teachers need to understand how students feel and how to support them. The interactive model approach is becoming increasingly accepted, as it uses both the whole word/stories and letter-sound association in learning to read. This enables all students to learn reading strategies in the learning environment, with the effective intervention using phonological, semantic and syntactic cues. Literacy difficulties affect numeracy learning. Students need to learn basic mathematics for sufficient skills to survive in daily living. This is an essential component of the NCLB Act. Students must understand the language and concepts of mathematics, along with the processes of basic problem solving. Mathematics requires a detailed word-by-word approach, (Henderson 2001;Jitendra et al. 1998), to ensure a student builds an understanding of basic mathematical language and concepts. To achieve the understanding of basic mathematics language and concepts emphasis needs to be placed on doing things that relate to the students life and everyday activities, using concrete materials that reflect this. Students with learning difficulties have memory deficits which impair their ability to memorise information, therefore instruction should focus on the ‘figuring out the number facts’ (Ginsburge 1997). Early intervention can also come from parental input using resources such as ‘Tool kits for Parents’. Students need to see that tasks are meaningful and be able to be confident to complete tasks. To do this activities and resources used are to be specific to the students’ needs and interests and be clearly demonstrated to them. Identifying materials and resources to their local community would enable this. This is backed by McMillan (2011) and Rief, S. F Heimburge, J. A. (2006) Ch. 3 Understanding and Reaching Special Populations of Students. Reference list Carnellor, Y (2004) Teaching Mathematics to Children with Learning Disabilities, Encouraging Mathematical Success to Children with Learning Difficulties, 2004. Ch. 1 pp. 1-10. Social Science Press, Australia. McMillan, J (2011) Classroom Assessment – Principles and Practice for Effective Standards-Based Instruction, 5th Ed, Boston, M. A: Pearson. Rief, S. F Heimburghe, J. A, (2006). How to reach and teach all children in the inclusive classroom (2nd Ed. ). San Francisco: Wiley. Pp. 36-40. Robinson ‘Understanding Literacy and Numeracy’ Ch. 7, pp. 247-254; 285-289. Foreman, P. (2008) Inclusion in action. Cengage Learning. Robinson ‘Developing Literacy and Numeracy Skills’ Ch. 8, pp. 303-308. Foreman, P. (2008) Inclusion in action. Cengage Learning. How to cite Literacy Numeracy Difficulties, Papers

Change Management Critical Analysis and Evaluation

Question: In todays highly volatile, unpredictable and ever flexible business environment, organisations can only take an emergent approach to change. Discuss the validity of this statement. Answer: In ever changing business environment, organisations are adopting emergent approaches to deal with those. Modern business environment never stands still and hence, keep changing. People running businesses might have already experienced various kinds of changes related to economy, consumer purchasing decisions, political changes and supply chain changes (Kotter, 2011). However, outside of this myriad of negatives coming by the change cycles are businesses that are flourishing and growing year by year. Businesses that are successful in long run adopt business models that provide them with an opportunity to adapt to the changes in the demands of the market. This essay aims at examining organisational changes and the issues firms usually face while coping up with frequent changes. The essay will analyse the statement, In todays highly volatile, unpredictable and ever flexible business environment, organisations can only take an emergent approach to change. In present scenario, all types of organisations, from small to large are engaged in the process of change. There are changes to processes, products, services, consumer needs, locations, success drivers. These changes can be difficult to cope with but once organisation adopts a dynamic business model, it is able to adapt to frequent changes effectively (Kotter, 2011). As a preparedness measure, businesses nowadays, tend to adopt business models or management plans to adapt to changes. Change Management models adopted by companies include change planning, stakeholder management, understanding the impact of change, determining ways to cope with change and competency management. By definition, change management refers to the process of renewing the theories, approaches, structure and capabilities of an organisation in order to provide customers with something innovative every time and also adapting to changes effectively. Since changes are inevitable and necessary at the operational and strategic level of the organisation so there is no doubt about its importance and management. Often, it is argued that successful change management is crucial for every organisation if it intends to survive in the long run (Levin, 2012). Organisations that dont implement change management in their system are likely to fail in the long run. But theories and approaches related to change management available with the experts are contradictory. It is believed that change management is becoming a required skill in every manager (Filicetti, 2007). There are different theories and approaches used by managers today to manage change effectively. In earlier times, managers believed that organisations with maximum changes couldnt sustain in competitive environment and meet customer preferences. They thought other way round i.e. the organisations with stability and employees with a set routine can only achieve success (Filicetti, 2007). But with evolving world and business scenario, changes have become necessary for a business to sustain. One of the widely accepted approaches for change management is Emergent Approach. To cope up with the continuous changing market curves an organisation has to follow some Business models that further help it to adapt with the changes and keep an organisation stable and ever-growing (Filicetti, 2007). By definition, a business model refers to the rationale of how a firm develops, delivers and captures value throughout the changing times (Filicetti, 2007). Amongst various Business Models that are followed by the business organisations in order to deal with the staggering changes in the market, the Emergent Approach seems to be a convincing way in the present day world of business. Emergent strategy is the view that strategy emerges over time as intentions collide with and accommodate a changing reality. Emergent strategy is a set of actions, or behaviour, consistent over time, a realized pattern that was not expressly intended in the original planning of strategy. As per emergent strategy, it is implied that a firm gets to learn what is put into practice. Emergent strategies are implemented by allocating resources (Bhasin, 2012). Henry Mintzberg believes that in modern marketplace, allocation of resources is usually unknown and keeps changing. As a result, these emergent strategies enable organisations to adapt to changes in most effective ways. It goes in the opposite direction to the previous traditional approach adopted by most organisations-The Deliberate Approach. The Emergent approach deals with strategies changing with respect to the requirement of the hour. It describes the process of strategy-making as consequential effect of the need to cope with the imperfections of the real world model which is subject to changes every second hour. This approach sees strategic management as an after effect of the trials and errors from the activities and experiences of the management. It identifies the following roles as pertinent to strategy leaders being successful in strategic management and coping up with changes: Planner, Communicator, analyst and Catalyst as well (Levin, 2012). Compared with other approaches, critiques of emergent approach are also significant. Foremost, emergent approach is a coherent change and also criticised for its emphasis on the political dimension of change. It is also limited to organisational changes to which emergent approach is applied and secondly, how it should be applied. Further, there is no assurance that organisa tional leaning will suit with the crisis or not. Some of the change management approaches that can be adopted by organisations are: Education and Communication Approach: It is believed that lack of communication and information usually doesnt let the organisations to cope up with frequent changes. Upfront education and effective communication can help employees up-to-date with market trends and hence, they get prepared to face the changes effectively (Marshak, 2005). This, ultimately, helps in reducing different rumours about any concerns in the organisation. Deliberate Approach: Under Deliberate approach, management team specifies the action the firm will be taking to accomplish its goals. Deliberate approach is also sometime referred to as top-down approach. It involves some form of planning and choices are dependent on the estimation of what might happen in future (Raineri, 2011). This type of approach is generally weak due to two reasons; one it is difficult to predict future due to rapid changes taking place in business environment. Second, these kind of strategies usually fail when developing new products. Umbrella Approach: This type of approach has a clear definition of strategic goals and general strategic decisions that are made by higher management. In this, detail of how goals are to be accomplished is yet to be decided. Managers then use a process of iteration and consensus building that enables senior management to develop the strategy. In other words, senior management decided the detail of how goals should be accomplished (Conner, 2012). These are the some of the approaches that help organisations to adapt to changes effectively. Nevertheless, of all the business Models coping with changes the Emergent Approach is in the upswing and provides better solutions towards the constantly changing market environments. From the economy to the needs of the market, things are constantly in motion. A business needs to go with this flow and use it to its advantage. Rigidity is not the answer when you are looking for if you seek constant growth. From technology to market dynamics, the present scenario is often nothing like what it was 10 years ago. So it can never be expected that things remain unchanged 10 years from now (Ne ask, Klmek, Mal and Mlnkov, 2012). Even if the core product stays the same, which is next to impossible given the intense competition in every market, there will be still the need to upgrade the technologies, train workforce, create new markets and seek more streams of revenue. All this comes under the ambit of change and is necessary for survival. While a growing number of business leaders are starting to realize the importance of changing and adapting, the problem lies in the fact that the organizations they sit atop are inherently resistant to change (Filicetti, 2007). This is often the case with multinational corporations that have been doing things a certain way for a long time now. The inertia makes it very hard to mobilize these organizations. So while the head of the business wants certain things done, the organization itself finds it unable to meet these demands. Hence, change management is a major job requirement for large organizations. Businesses that recognize what a massive challenge changing can be utilized the services of experts to ensure a smooth and seamless transition (Levin, 2012). Whether this change is in terms of operation model, or you are upgrading the technological backbone of your organization, preparing your workforce for this change is a crucial element. Training may be required to ensure that your employees are able to cope up with the changes. At times, you may even need to bring in a new workforce to manage your needs while your current workforce undergoes training (Kotter, 2011). A change management expert will be able to guide you through this process and provide you with the detailed requirements. One of the reasons start-up companies gains so much success and traction is because they are structured to deal with all kinds of changes. The roles of employees are flexible and a lean model ensures that everyone understands the need to change. In effect, start-ups have a work culture that is conducive to change (Anderson, 2001). This same environment needs to be created in any organization. Only when management have a work culture that does not hinder change, employees efforts produce tangible results. Hence, organisations must learn to embrace change, and encourage everyone to do the same (Levin, 2012). In nutshell, it will be right to say that in todays highly volatile, unpredictable and ever flexible business environment, organisations can only take an emergent approach to change. References Anderson, D. (2001). Beyond Change Management: Advanced Strategies for Todays Transformational Leaders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer. Barber, M., Donnelly, K., Rizvi, S., and Summers, L. (2013). An avalanche is coming: Higher education and the revolution ahead. Bhasin, S. (2012). An appropriate change strategy for lean success.Management Decision,50(3), 439-458. Bordia, P., Restubog, S. L. D., Jimmieson, N. L., and Irmer, B. E. (2011). Haunted by the past: Effects of poor change management history on employee attitudes and turnover.Group and Organization Management, 1059601110392990. By, R. T., Burnes, B., and Oswick, C. (2011). Change management: The road ahead.Journal of Change Management,11(1), 1-6. Cameron, E., and Green, M. (2012).Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Conner, D. (2012). "The Real Story of the Burning Platform". Filicetti, J. (2007). "Project Management Dictionary". PM Hut. Accessed 25 Feb, 2015. Gerth, C. (2013). Introduction. InBusiness Process Models. Change Management(pp. 1-12). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Goetsch, D. L., and Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Haslam, S. A., van Knippenberg, D., Platow, M. J., and Ellemers, N. (Eds.). (2014).Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice. Psychology Press. Huczynski, A., and Buchanan, D. A. (2013).Organizational behaviour. Pearson. Keppel, G., and Wardell Johnson, G. W. (2012). Refugia: keys to climate change management.Global Change Biology,18(8), 2389-2391. Kotter, J. (2011). "Change Management vs. Change Leadership -- What's the Difference?". Forbes online. Accessed 25 Feb, 2015. Levin, G. (2012). "Embrace and Exploit Change as a Program Manager: Guidelines for Success". Project Management Institute. Accessed 25 Feb, 2015. Marshak, J. (2005). "Contemporary Challenges to the Philosophy and Practice of Organization Development". In Bradford, David L.; Burke, W. Warner. Reinventing Organization Development: New Approaches to Change in Organizations. pp. 1942. Mehanna, H., Olaleye, O., and Licitra, L. (2012). Oropharyngeal canceris it time to change management according to human papilloma virus status?.Current opinion in otolaryngology and head and neck surgery,20(2), 120-124. Merrell, P., and Watson, T. (2012). Effective change management: The simple truth.Management Services,56(2), 20-23. Ne ask, M., Klmek, J., Mal, J., and Mlnkov, I. (2012). Evolution and change management of XML-based systems.Journal of Systems and Software,85(3), 683-707. Phillips, R. (2012). "Enhancing the effectiveness of organizational change management". Human Resource Management 22 (12): 18399. Raineri, A. B. (2011). Change management practices: Impact on perceived change results.Journal of business research,64(3), 266-272.